1. | SCOPE |
2. | INTRODUCTION TO ENCAPSULATION |
3. | SURFACE SMOOTHNESS - DEFECTS |
3.1. | Important considerations of surface smoothness |
3.2. | Micro Defects |
3.2.2. | Pinholes |
3.2.3. | Smoothness / Cracks-Scratches |
3.2.4. | Nanodefects |
4. | COMPANIES |
4.1. | Vitex |
4.2. | GE |
4.3. | 3M |
4.4. | CPI |
4.5. | Fraunhofer -POLO Alliance |
4.6. | Alcan Packaging |
4.7. | Others |
4.8. | Best performing barriers developed to date |
5. | BARRIER MEASUREMENTS |
5.1. | The Calcium test |
5.2. | MOCON |
5.3. | Illinois Instruments |
5.4. | Fluorescent Tracers |
5.5. | Black Spot Analysis |
5.6. | Tritium Test |
5.7. | CEA |
5.8. | 3M |
5.9. | IMRE |
5.10. | Mass Spectrocopy - gas permeation (WVTR & OTR potential applications) |
5.11. | Standardization efforts |
6. | FORECASTS FOR BARRIER FILMS FOR FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS 2009-2019 |
6.1. | The potential significance of organic and printed inorganic electronics |
6.2. | Forecasts for flexible electronics 2009-2019 |
6.3. | Barrier films market size |
7. | CONCLUSIONS |
8. | REFERENCES |
| APPENDIX 1: ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION |
| APPENDIX 2: GLOSSARY |
| APPENDIX 3: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS |
| TABLES |
2.1. | Water vapor and oxygen transmission rates of various materials. |
2.2. | Requirements of barrier materials |
3.1. | Oxygen transmission rates of polypropylene with various coatings.4, 7 |
4.1. | Overview of promising high barrier technologies |
5.1. | Lower detection limits of several barrier performance measurement techniques |
5.2. | Metrics and standards for organic solar cell components42 |
6.1. | Leading market drivers 2019 |
6.2. | Market value (US$ billion) of flexible/conformal electronics 2009-2029 |
6.3. | Total market value of flexible vs. rigid electronics 2009-2029 |
6.4. | Barrier Layer Market Forecasts 2009-2019 |
| FIGURES |
1.1. | Examples of flexible OLED displays by SONY and AddVision |
1.2. | Flexible OLED fabricated using IMRE's high barrier substrate and encapsulation technique44 |
1.3. | Flexible Solar Cell developed by Fraunhofer IPMS |
2.1. | Schematic diagrams for encapsulated structures a) conventional b) laminated c) deposited in situ4 |
2.2. | Scanning electron micrograph image of a barrier film cross section6 |
3.1. | Visual defects of a selection of materials with barrier films highlighted through calcium corrosion test. Optical microscope magnification 10x.44 |
3.2. | SEM pictures of the Atmospheric Plasma Glow Discharge deposited silica-like films on polymer substrates. Left: Film with embedded dust particles . Right: uniform film27 |
3.3. | OTR as a function of defect density, the correlation between defect density and the oxygen transmission rate |
3.4. | SEM image of a pinhole defect formed from a dust particle32 |
3.5. | Scanning electron microscope image of ITO coated on parylene/polymer film34 |
3.6. | The measurement of OLED's lifetime of SiON/PC/ITO and SiON/parylene/PC/parylene/ITO substrate34 |
4.1. | Examples of polymer multi-layer (PML) surface planarization a) OLED cathode separator structure b) high aspect ratio test structure.3, 8 |
4.2. | Vitex multilayer deposition process8. |
4.3. | SEM cross section of Vitex Barix material with four dyads. |
4.4. | Optical transmission of Vitex Barix coating8. |
4.5. | Edge seal barrier formation by deposition through shadow masks10. |
4.6. | Three dimensional barrier structure. Polymer is shown in red, and oxide (barrier) shown in blue10. |
4.7. | Schematic of flexible OLED with hybrid encapsulation31 |
4.8. | Schematic of cross section of graded barrier coating and complete barrier film structure1. |
4.9. | DuPont Displays technology pipeline |
4.10. | Scanning electron micrograph of a thin hybrid polymer coating on SiOx deposited on a flexible PET film 46 |
4.11. | OTR values achieved with different POLO multilayers46 |
4.12. | ALCAN Packaging flexible barrier based on PET and SiOx47 |
4.13. | Specifications on WVTR for different applications, as seen by Vitex Systems36 |
4.14. | 3M specifications on WVTR and OTR for high barrier applications with stringent requirements 14 |
5.1. | 2.25 mm2 area of a 50 nm layer of Ca deposited onto barrier coated PET viewed through the substrate. i. Image after 1632 h of exposure to atmosphere; ii. Image analysis whereby the grey scale of Ca degradation is processed to yield a two-color image with |
5.2. | A simple set-up for measuring optical transmission of calcium test cells48 |
5.3. | MOCON's Aquatran™ Model 138 |
5.4. | MOCON's Aquatran™ schematic38 |
5.5. | MOCON's OX-TRAN® Model 2/1039 |
5.6. | Silica induced black spots, letters A & B mark black spots with a centralized black dot (silica particle)32 |
5.7. | Black spot formation and growth mechanisms 32 |
5.8. | General Atomics HTO WVTR testing apparatus40 |
6.1. | Market value (US$ billion) of flexible/conformal electronics 2009-2019 |
6.2. | Total market value of flexible vs. rigid electronics 2009-2019 |
6.3. | Barrier Layer Market Forecasts 2009-2019 |
6.4. | Size of opportunity |
7.1. | The iRex iLiad and the Amazon Kindle rigid e-book readers |
7.2. | PVI's flexible electrophoretic display and color electrophoretic display by SAMSUNG LCD, demonstrated at SID 2008 |